In This Issue. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) withdrew its proposal to delay the Debt Collection Final Rules; the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance...more
9/17/2021
/ Banking Sector ,
Banks ,
Broker-Dealer ,
Comment Period ,
Community Banks ,
Community Reinvestment Act ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Debt Collection ,
Debt Collectors ,
Digital Platforms ,
Due Diligence ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinTech ,
FRB ,
Investment Adviser ,
Investment Companies ,
Investment Company Act of 1940 ,
OCC ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Comment ,
Regulation F ,
Retail Investors ,
Risk Management ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Third-Party Risk
In This Issue. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is seeking information and comment regarding the FDIC’s supervisory approach to examinations during the pandemic; the FDIC’s tech lab, FIDTECH, announced a “tech...more
8/20/2021
/ Banking Examinations ,
Banking Sector ,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ,
Comptroller ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Cyber Attacks ,
Cyber Threats ,
Cybersecurity ,
Depository Institutions ,
Due Process ,
Eviction ,
Examination Procedures ,
FDIC ,
Federal Deposit Insurance Act ,
FFIEC ,
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Information Technology ,
Landlords ,
Liquidity ,
Moratorium ,
New Guidance ,
OCC ,
Outsourcing ,
Phishing Scams ,
Popular ,
Public Comment ,
Rental Property ,
Risk Assessment ,
Risk Management ,
Tenants ,
Vendors
In This Issue. The federal bank regulators published frequently asked questions concerning the London Interbank Offered Rate transition; the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) confirmed an effective date for two...more
8/6/2021
/ Annual Meeting ,
Banking Sector ,
Breach of Duty ,
Broker-Dealer ,
Capital Rules ,
Comment Period ,
Comptroller ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Debt Collection ,
Debtors ,
FDCPA ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
FedNow ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Inter-Bank Offered Rates (IBORs) ,
Investment Adviser ,
Investment Company Act of 1940 ,
Investment Firms ,
Investors ,
Libor ,
OCC ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Comment ,
Rulemaking Process ,
Section 36(b) ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
In This Issue. The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will no longer charge lenders the Adverse Market Refinance Fee; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is seeking...more
7/30/2021
/ Adverse Market Refinance Fees ,
Banking Sector ,
Board of Governors ,
Borrowers ,
Comment Period ,
Commercial Bankruptcy ,
Community Reinvestment Act ,
CRA ,
Delinquent Borrowers ,
Deposit Insurance ,
Division of Investment Management ,
Fannie Mae ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
FHFA ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Freddie Mac ,
Lenders ,
Liquidity ,
Money Market Funds ,
Mortgage Lenders ,
Mortgages ,
OCC ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Proposed Amendments ,
Public Comment ,
Rulemaking Process ,
SBA ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
In This Issue. The federal bank regulatory agencies requested public comment on proposed guidance designed to help banking organizations manage risks associated with third-party relationships; the Office of the Comptroller of...more
7/30/2021
/ Banking Sector ,
Climate Change ,
Comment Period ,
Cross Trading ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
FDIC ,
Fees ,
Fiduciary Duty ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Fixed Income Investments ,
Investment Adviser ,
OCC ,
Policies and Procedures ,
Proposed Guidance ,
Public Comment ,
Registered Investment Advisors ,
Regulatory Agencies ,
Risk Alert ,
Risk Management ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Third-Party Risk
In This Issue. President Joe Biden issued a sweeping executive order aimed at cracking down on anticompetitive practices and reducing consolidation across multiple industry sectors, including financial services; the Federal...more
7/29/2021
/ Acquisitions ,
Anti-Competitive ,
Antitrust Division ,
Automatic Stay ,
Biden Administration ,
CEOs ,
Comment Period ,
Competition ,
Discovery ,
Executive Orders ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Financial Regulatory Agencies ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Investors ,
Misleading Statements ,
Motion to Dismiss ,
OCC ,
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ,
PSLRA ,
Public Comment ,
Risk Management ,
Securities Act of 1933 ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Securities Litigation ,
Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) ,
Sponsors ,
Third-Party Risk ,
Unfair or Deceptive Trade Practices
In This Issue. The House of Representatives voted to pass a Congressional Review Act resolution repealing the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s (OCC) “true lender” rule; the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau...more
7/28/2021
/ AML/CFT ,
Annual Reports ,
Anti-Money Laundering ,
Arkansas Teacher Retirement System v Goldman Sachs Group ,
Bank Secrecy Act ,
Banking Sector ,
Basic v Levinson ,
Borrowers ,
BSA/AML ,
Burden of Persuasion ,
Burden of Proof ,
Certiorari ,
Class Action ,
Class Certification ,
Community Development ,
Community Reinvestment Act ,
Conflicts of Interest ,
Congressional Review Act ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Distressed Properties ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Regulatory Agencies ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinCEN ,
Forbearance Agreements ,
Foreclosure ,
Goldman Sachs ,
Investors ,
Lenders ,
Loss Mitigation ,
Mortgage Lenders ,
Mortgage Servicers ,
Mortgages ,
No-Action Letters ,
OCC ,
Presumption of Reliance ,
Regulation X ,
Repeal ,
Rulemaking Process ,
SCOTUS ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Securities Exchange Act ,
Securities Litigation ,
Shareholders ,
True Lender ,
Underserved Locations
In This Issue. Several federal financial regulatory agencies updated their Spring 2021 regulatory agendas; the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) announced its intention to restart Military Lending Act examinations;...more
7/27/2021
/ Banking Sector ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Depository Institutions ,
FDIC ,
Financial Regulatory Agencies ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Lenders ,
Military Lending Act ,
Phishing Scams ,
Policy Statement ,
Proposed Rules ,
Regulatory Agenda ,
Rulemaking Process ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Wire Fraud
In This Issue. President Biden signed an executive order addressing climate-related financial risks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) finalized a rule applicable to national banks and federal savings...more
5/27/2021
/ Banking Sector ,
Biden Administration ,
Call Reports ,
Climate Change ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Environmental Social & Governance (ESG) ,
Executive Orders ,
FDIC ,
Federal Insurance Office ,
Federal Reserve ,
Federal Savings Associations ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FSOC ,
Governor Baker ,
Investment Funds ,
Masks ,
OCC ,
Proxy Voting ,
Re-Opening Guidelines ,
Secretary of the Treasury
In This Issue. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) announced that it will reconsider its controversial June 2020 final rule revising its Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) rules, and published its Semiannual...more
5/21/2021
/ Artificial Intelligence ,
Banking Sector ,
Comment Period ,
Community Reinvestment Act ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Depository Institutions ,
Digital Assets ,
FDIC ,
Federal Savings Associations ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Lenders ,
OCC ,
Public Comment ,
Request For Information ,
Risk Management ,
TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule (TRID)
In this Issue. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve) invited public comment on proposed changes to Regulation II, better known as the Durbin Amendment, regarding network availability for...more
5/14/2021
/ Banking Sector ,
Bitcoin ,
Community Banks ,
Comptroller ,
Congressional Review Act ,
Cryptocurrency ,
Debit Cards ,
Digital Assets ,
Division of Investment Management ,
Durbin Amendment Rules ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Investment Company Act of 1940 ,
Investment Management ,
Investors ,
Lenders ,
Mutual Funds ,
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) ,
OCC ,
Public Comment ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
True Lender ,
U.S. Treasury
In This Issue. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Division of Examinations issued a Risk Alert raising concerns about misleading Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures by investment firms; the...more
4/20/2021
/ Advertising ,
Anti-Money Laundering ,
Bank Secrecy Act ,
Banking Sector ,
BSA/AML ,
Comment Period ,
Environmental Social & Governance (ESG) ,
Fannie Mae ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Freddie Mac ,
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) ,
Public Comment ,
Reporting Requirements ,
Risk Alert ,
Risk Management ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Supervisory Guidance
In This Issue. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) continued to be active under its new leadership this week, warning mortgage servicers to prepare now for an anticipated surge of homeowners needing assistance...more
4/8/2021
/ Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) ,
ATDS ,
Auto-Dialed Calls ,
Beneficial Owner ,
Borrowers ,
Comment Period ,
Consumer Financial Products ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Corporate Transparency Act ,
Debt Collection ,
Facebook ,
Facebook Inc v Duguid ,
FDIC ,
FinCEN ,
Foreclosure ,
Homeowners ,
Loss Mitigation ,
Mortgage Servicers ,
Mortgage Servicing Rules ,
Mortgages ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Comment ,
Random or Sequential Number Generator ,
Regulation X ,
Robocalling ,
SCOTUS ,
TCPA
In the News. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) granted a no-action letter (NAL) regarding a proposed small-dollar credit product and sought comment on the CFPB’s plan to study how consumers locate, comprehend...more
11/12/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Banks ,
Blockchain ,
Board of Directors ,
Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA) ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Cryptocurrency ,
Debt Settlement Services ,
Disclosure ,
Diversity ,
Enforcement Actions ,
FDCPA ,
FDIC ,
Federal Bank Regulatory Agencies ,
Federal Reserve ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Regulatory Agencies ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinCEN ,
Geographic Targeting Order ,
Interest Rates ,
Joint Statements ,
Libor ,
Loans ,
New Guidance ,
New Rules ,
No-Action Letters ,
OCC ,
Payday Loans ,
PayPal ,
Publicly-Traded Companies ,
Real Estate Transactions ,
Shareholders ,
Small Dollar Lenders ,
Student Loans ,
Telemarketing Sales Rule ,
Title Insurance
In the News. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) finalized its “true lender” rule, which establishes that a national bank or federal savings association (bank) is the “true lender” of a loan if, as of the...more
10/29/2020
/ Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) ,
Amended Rules ,
Bank Secrecy Act ,
Banking Sector ,
CFTC ,
Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) ,
Comptroller ,
Consumer Financial Products ,
Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA) ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Debt Collection ,
Depository Institutions ,
Derivatives ,
FDCPA ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
FHFA ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Records ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinCEN ,
FinTech ,
Forbearance Agreements ,
Insured Depository Institutions ,
Inter-Bank Offered Rates (IBORs) ,
Investors ,
ISDA ,
Military Service Members ,
Mortgages ,
OCC ,
Private Investment Funds ,
Proposed Rules ,
Proxy Statements ,
Recordkeeping Requirements ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Shareholder Proposals ,
TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule (TRID) ,
Travel Rule ,
True Lender ,
Truth in Lending Act (TILA)
In This Issue. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) finalized amendments to its proxy solicitation rules that will modify the practices of proxy advisory firms, providing them with greater transparency and...more
8/3/2020
/ Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) ,
Alternative Reference Rates Committee (ARRC) ,
Banking Sector ,
Banks ,
Borrowers ,
Broker-Dealer ,
CFTC ,
Confidential Supervisory Information ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Credit Discrimination ,
Criminal Records ,
Cross-Border ,
Cryptocurrency ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
Dodd-Frank ,
Emergency Lending ,
Enforcement Actions ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Records ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinTech ,
FOIA ,
Form CRS ,
Freedom of Information ,
Lenders ,
Liquidation ,
Loan Applications ,
Loan Forgiveness ,
OCC ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Proxy Advisory Firms ,
Proxy Season ,
Proxy Solicitations ,
Proxy Voting ,
SBA ,
Secured Overnight Funding Rate (SOFR) ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Swaps ,
Virtual Currency
In This Issue. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) proposed a rule that would establish that a national bank or federal savings association is the “true lender” of a loan if, as of the date of origination, the...more
7/23/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Board of Directors ,
Board of Governors ,
Comment Period ,
Consumer Complaint Database ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ,
Data Privacy ,
Data Protection ,
Digital Assets ,
Enforcement Actions ,
EU ,
EU-US Privacy Shield ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Federal Savings Associations ,
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) ,
Financial Services Industry ,
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
International Data Transfers ,
Lenders ,
Loan Agreements ,
Main Street Lending Programs ,
Nonprofits ,
OCC ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Personal Data ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Comment ,
Regulation Z ,
Request For Information
In This Issue. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopted amendments to its exemptive applications procedures under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act) and proposed to amend Form 13F to...more
7/16/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Cyber Attacks ,
Cybersecurity ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
FFIEC ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Form 13F ,
Investment Company Act of 1940 ,
Investment Management ,
Joint Statements ,
Libor ,
Mortgage Escrow Account ,
New Guidance ,
OCC ,
OCIE ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Phishing Scams ,
Popular ,
Proposed Rules ,
Ransomware ,
Reporting Requirements ,
Risk Alert ,
Risk Management ,
Rulemaking Process ,
SBA ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Small Dollar Lenders
In This Issue. The U.S. Supreme Court struck down the single director leadership structure of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) in a ruling that could have far-reaching implications for the CFPB and other...more
7/6/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Broker-Dealer ,
CFTC ,
Conflicts of Interest ,
Constitutional Challenges ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
Dodd-Frank ,
Enforcement Actions ,
Environmental Social & Governance (ESG) ,
Eviction ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Fees ,
FHFA ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinCEN ,
Flood Insurance ,
Forbearance Agreements ,
Hemp Related Businesses ,
Investment Adviser ,
Investment Management ,
MNPI ,
OCC ,
OCIE ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Popular ,
Private Equity Funds ,
Proposed Regulation ,
Removal For-Cause ,
Reversal ,
SCOTUS ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Seila Law LLC v Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ,
Separation of Powers ,
Severability Doctrine ,
Single Director ,
Tenants
In This Issue. The Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE) issued a Risk Alert about the scope and content of examinations OCIE plans to conduct of various...more
6/26/2020
/ Advisory Opinions ,
Antitrust Division ,
Banking Sector ,
Board Meetings ,
Borrowers ,
Broker-Dealer ,
CARES Act ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Credit Unions ,
CSBS ,
Debt Relief ,
Deposit Insurance ,
Disgorgement ,
Enforcement Actions ,
Eviction ,
Exemptions ,
FDIC ,
FHFA ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Forbearance Agreements ,
Foreclosure ,
Homeowners ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Interpretive Rule ,
Investment Adviser ,
Joint Statements ,
Lenders ,
Libor ,
Liu v Securities and Exchange Commission ,
Loss Mitigation ,
Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF) ,
Mortgages ,
Municipal Advisers ,
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) ,
OCIE ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Paycheck Protection Program Lending Facility (PPPLF) ,
Pilot Programs ,
Presidential Nominations ,
Registered Investment Advisors ,
Regulatory Requirements ,
Relief Measures ,
Risk Alert ,
SBA ,
SCOTUS ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) ,
U.S. Treasury ,
Virtual Meetings
In This Issue. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) finalized its “Madden fix,” establishing a rule that codifies the “valid when made” principle for nationally chartered banks; the Securities and Exchange...more
6/4/2020
/ Borrowers ,
Consumer Financial Protection Act (CFPA) ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Department of Labor (DOL) ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ,
FHFA ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Investment Company Act of 1940 ,
Lenders ,
Loan Forgiveness ,
Madden v Midland Funding ,
Main Street Lending Programs ,
National Bank Act ,
No-Action Letters ,
OCC ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
SBA ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF)
In This Issue. The Small Business Administration (SBA) provided guidance on a borrower’s good faith certification on the necessity of Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan requests, announcing a safe harbor regarding this...more
5/14/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Borrowers ,
CARES Act ,
Certification Requirements ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Deposit Insurance ,
ECOA ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Final Rules ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Good Faith ,
Loan Applications ,
Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF) ,
New Guidance ,
Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) ,
Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act ,
Policy Statement ,
Proposed Rules ,
Regulation B ,
Safe Harbors ,
SBA ,
Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF)
In This Issue. The ongoing global outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to grow in scale and scope. In response, federal financial regulators are continuing efforts to bring regulatory relief to promote stability...more
3/19/2020
/ Annual Meeting ,
Banking Sector ,
Comment Period ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Enforcement ,
FDIC ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Markets ,
Financial Regulatory Agencies ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinCEN ,
Infectious Diseases ,
Interim Final Rules (IFR) ,
Investment Adviser ,
Investment Funds ,
New Amendments ,
New Guidance ,
New Rules ,
OCC ,
Public Comment ,
Public Health ,
Publicly-Traded Companies ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Shareholder Meetings ,
Virtual Meetings
In This Issue. The ongoing global outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) continues to grow in scale and scope, creating public health and humanitarian challenges worldwide. Global economies are also being impacted. Federal...more
3/12/2020
/ Banking Sector ,
Banks ,
Business Continuity Plans ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Coronavirus/COVID-19 ,
Crisis Management ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
Exemptive Relief ,
FDIC ,
Federal Reserve ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
Foreign Banks ,
Foreign Investment ,
Infectious Diseases ,
Investment Management ,
New Guidance ,
OCC ,
Proposed Rules ,
Public Health ,
Risk Management ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
In This Issue. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) released a new guide to help financial technology companies and others partner with banks; the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) announced that it...more
2/27/2020
/ Auto-Dialed Calls ,
Banking Sector ,
Banks ,
Blockchain ,
Broker Commissions ,
Broker-Dealer ,
Call Reports ,
Comment Period ,
Community Reinvestment Act ,
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ,
Contract Management ,
Debt Collection ,
Debtors ,
Disclosure Requirements ,
Due Diligence ,
Enforcement Actions ,
FDIC ,
FFIEC ,
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) ,
Financial Institutions ,
Financial Services Industry ,
FinTech ,
HMDA ,
Investment Firms ,
MD&A Statements ,
New Guidance ,
OCC ,
Popular ,
Proposed Regulation ,
Public Comment ,
Risk Management ,
Safe Harbors ,
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) ,
Stress Tests ,
TCPA