Disputes in England and Wales are usually adjudicated after an adversarial process, either by a judge in court-based litigation or by an arbitrator in an arbitration. Litigation is governed by wide-ranging and detailed rules which can make it a complex, time-consuming and expensive process. Very often arbitration is conducted on a similar basis and so can involve similar challenges. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) embraces a range of options, falling between litigation and arbitration on the one hand and negotiation on the other, for the effective resolution of disputes.
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