The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) released an unpublished version of the Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) rule on July 22, 2025. The rule will become effective 90 days after publication in the Federal Register.
MOSAIC will introduce significant changes to the light-sport aircraft (LSA) category, including the removal of the previous maximum takeoff weight restriction, allowance for up to four seats in LSA airplanes, broadening LSA categories, and expanding operations.
The final rule presents new opportunities for aerial work, flight training, and innovative aircraft designs – with broad impacts across the aviation industry.
Below, we look at the key changes outlined in the final rule, along with considerations for industry.
Background
Historically, the LSA category was constrained by strict weight and performance limits, as well as a narrow range of permitted operations and aircraft types. The MOSAIC initiative was developed to address these limitations, foster innovation, and reinvigorate the growth of general aviation.
The MOSAIC rule reflects the FAA’s recognition of technological advancements and the need for a more flexible, forward-looking, and performance-based regulatory approach.
Key changes under MOSAIC
The final rule broadens the types of aircraft eligible for LSA certification. The category now encompasses larger and more advanced fixed-wing airplanes, rotorcraft, and powered-lift (eVTOL) aircraft. LSA airplanes may have up to four seats, while new entrants to the LSA categories – rotorcraft and powered-lift aircraft – are limited to two seats. The previous LSA maximum takeoff weight restriction of 1,320 pounds (1,430 pounds for seaplanes) has been eliminated, providing manufacturers with greater flexibility in aircraft design.
Under the new regulations, the maximum stall speed for LSAs has been increased to 61 knots airspeed, and these aircraft are now permitted to operate at speeds of up to 250 knots.
Additional LSA changes include increased fuel and cargo capacity, improved availability of safety features, and expanded operational capabilities. New aircraft design features such as retractable landing gear, constant-speed propellers, and simplified-flight controls are now permitted, along with the use of electric and alternative propulsion systems.
Key changes for sport pilots
Sport pilots may now operate larger and more advanced aircraft for personal use, though they remain limited to carrying only one passenger regardless of aircraft seating capacity. Pilots holding a private pilot certificate or higher may operate LSA airplanes with up to four occupants, including the pilot.
The basic requirements for a sport pilot certificate remain unchanged: individuals must be at least 17 years old, demonstrate English proficiency, hold a valid driver’s license, complete 20 hours of flight training, and pass the required aeronautical knowledge test.
While LSAs are still primarily intended for personal use, the final rule introduces limited commercial opportunities for certain “aerial work” operations. Permitted activities include:
- Aerial photography and surveying
- Banner towing and aerial advertising
- Pipeline, powerline, and agricultural patrol
- Search and rescue, and
- Glider towing.
These changes may support the development of new revenue streams and business models for operators and service providers.
Adoption of the Statement of Compliance process
A key aspect of the MOSAIC rule is the use of the Statement of Compliance (SOC) process in place of the traditional Type Certificate (TC) and Production Certificate (PC) reserved for type-certificated aircraft in categories such as normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport. This certification approach provides a more flexible and efficient pathway to market for LSA aircraft, significantly reducing regulatory burdens and costs for manufacturers to develop and manufacture aircraft in the LSA category.
While manufacturers are responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable FAA-accepted consensus standards and regulatory requirements, the FAA maintains its safety oversight role through the issuance of special airworthiness certificates for LSA aircraft – following its review of the manufacturers’ SOC, conducting audits, and acceptance of consensus standards – rather than directly approving each aircraft design and production process.
Impact on the aviation industry
The final MOSAIC rule is expected to broadly affect the aviation industry. By eliminating the requirement for TCs and PCs, the rule lowers barriers to entry, and could enable non-traditional manufacturers – including automotive, technology, and international firms – to participate in the aviation market with innovative designs and propulsion systems. The prospect of faster time-to-market and lower certification costs may also attract investment from venture capital, private equity, and other financial institutions.
The influx of new aircraft and pilots could also increase demand for airport facilities, including hangars, tie-downs, maintenance shops, and training centers. The inclusion of certain commercial operations may foster the emergence of specialized aerial service providers. Additionally, the expansion of sport pilot privileges and the use of a wider range of aircraft for training may help address pilot shortages and create new career pathways in aviation. As modern LSAs become more capable and attractive, the value of similar Part 23 aircraft may shift, affecting aircraft valuation and insurance products.
Considerations for industry
The final rule introduces several considerations for industry stakeholders:
- Manufacturers may need to review and update their compliance programs to align with the new SOC process and expanded LSA categories
- Operators and flight schools may evaluate opportunities to expand services, including flight training and aerial work, using the new generation of LSA models
- Investors and financial institutions may consider assessing the evolving market landscape and developing tailored financing solutions to support growth in the LSA sector
- Airport and real estate developers may consider preparing for infrastructure expansion or new development projects
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