In a landmark agreement, the State of Minnesota and the White Earth Band of Chippewa have finalized a cannabis compact that significantly expands the tribe's role in the state's emerging cannabis market. This compact authorizes the White Earth Nation to operate cannabis businesses beyond its reservation boundaries, marking a historic moment in tribal-state relations concerning cannabis regulation.
Key provisions of the compact:
- Off-Reservation Operations: The White Earth Nation may open up to eight (8) self-regulated recreational dispensaries outside tribal land. The State of Minnesota retains the right to conduct annual inspections and intervene if public safety concerns arise.
- Vertical Integration: The compact allows the tribe to establish off-reservation cultivation and manufacturing facilities, as well as wholesale, transportation and delivery services, permitting full vertical integration.
- Taxation and Revenue Sharing: Off-reservation sales are subject to local and state sales tax, including Minnesota’s 10% cannabis gross receipts tax. The compact also allows for the future negotiation of a revenue-sharing agreement with the state.
- Regulatory Compliance: Tribally owned cannabis businesses are exempt from local cannabis ordinances but must comply with other local laws. Products sold off-reservation must meet state labeling and testing standards.
Broader Context: A First for Minnesota, Part of a National Trend
The White Earth compact is the first finalized cannabis compact between Minnesota and any of its 11 federally recognized tribes. According to the Minnesota Office of Cannabis Management, approximately five other tribes are currently in advanced negotiations, with additional compacts anticipated in the coming weeks.
Notably, Minnesota is the first state in the nation to authorize tribes to operate off-reservation cannabis businesses under tribal regulatory authority. While the state retains a secondary oversight role, such as conducting annual inspections and enforcing product embargoes when public safety concerns arise, primary regulatory responsibility rests with the tribes. This groundbreaking model reflects a new level of tribal sovereignty in cannabis regulation.
Across the country, states have taken varying approaches to tribal cannabis operations. Washington and Nevada have implemented formal compact frameworks, which generally involve shared or state-dominated regulatory authority. Meanwhile, states such as California and South Dakota have struggled with legal uncertainty due to the absence of formal agreements. Minnesota’s approach represents an innovative and collaborative alternative, balancing sovereignty, regulatory integrity and public health concerns.
Implications for the Industry
The agreement positions Minnesota as a leader in cooperative tribal–state cannabis regulation and underscores the expanding role of tribal nations in shaping the future of the cannabis industry, regionally and nationally.
